Friday 23 August 2013
Doing the border to be a model of democracy
Anti-Japanese Mao Zedong: plain, near the border to become the flagship model to promote the kingdom of the plain near the main
Core Tip: ". Doing the border to be a model of democracy and promote the democratization of the whole country," Mao repeatedly stressed the need for June 20, 1937 Ningxia Border Region proposed a "political agenda of democratic government." By the end of 1937 based on universal suffrage is generated outside Parliament. November 1941, Ningxia Border Region held its first meeting of the second session of the Council, elected members of parliament residents and government officials, party members accounted for only one-third. Enlightened nobility Li Dingming Ningxia Border Region government was elected vice president. This article from the "Nanfang Daily" June 8, 2011 Number A05-Edition Author: Anonymous, the original name of "the masses" on the agenda of border policy, "This is the platform of my party anti-Japanese national united front ( ten-point program) development and specific, that my party two years --- especially during the war years infinitely vast experience in dealing summarized and crystallized ...... it really is the people today in the Great War and revolution military operations and building program, which is to guide our great nation defeat of Japanese imperialism and the establishment of Chinese martial outline strong independent. "May 1, 1941 the CPC Central Committee approved the draft by the Central Bureau of Border" political agenda Ningxia border, "the same month, on the 21st, Yanan" Liberation Daily "published a front-page editorial" political agenda - & dash; masses "calling the agenda under the banner of the party faithful to work in the country to implement the program and to fight. Editorial consistent, compared with fourteen consecutive group representing the implementation of the policy agenda in Ningxia border areas and national associations of different scenes: there is a one-party dictatorship, here is the implementation of the system of "three-three", the Communists and personages without party democratic cooperation. There is a government operation Hao expensive minority peoples rights and freedom, there is no protection; here to make sure that everyone is against the Japanese (landowners, capitalists, peasants, workers) and other human rights regime, property rights and freedom of speech, press, assembly, association, housing, the right to freedom of movement. There are spies rampant, any raw woods, this is to improve the judicial system and resolutely abolished corporal punishment, not heavy weight of evidence of confessions. There is corruption, Guanguanxianghu; here Lixing Lian Jie policy and punishment of persons for acts of corruption. The Communists have criminals severely punished ...... In fact, as early as May 1937, the party held a national congress in Yanan, created and liquor;. "It is the slogan of the Trinity May 1938 Mao Zedong," peace "and" democracy "and" war protracted war "did" China is our soldiers win. "Mao repeatedly stressed the need to" make the order to be a model of democracy and promote the democratization of the country. "June 20, 1937 Ningxia Border Region proposed a" political agenda of democratic government. "By the end of 1937 based on universal suffrage is generated outside Parliament. November 1941, Ningxia Border Region held its first meeting of the second session of the Council, elected members of parliament and government officials residing party members represented only a third. Enlightened nobility Li Dingming Ningxia Border Region government was elected vice president. Implementation of the policy agenda reflects all Chinese Communist for the masses, all relying on the masses and the masses, to the masses of working methods. Editorial calls passionate attacks on each party in the border villages, schools, factories, shops further a political agenda. Border democratic Japanese politicians received support from people across the country. Communist Party of China against the Japanese military was a significant development in 1941 invasion of Japan China attracted a total of more than Qi Cheng. Meanwhile, with diamond jewelry Chinese intellectuals in Beijing, admiring the same actor as the tide poured Yanan. In early 1940, was formed in Yenan about 4 million people, a group of intellectuals. When he was chief of staff to Admiral USA Pacific Theater Stilwell, then the KMT government and observation areas contrasted border, he said: "Why do a lot of things that cannot be done while the Kuomintang Communist China does? Because the PDA is designed not only to participate in high-level agencies and organizations low level, wave after wave of mass movement, not a bureaucratic organization. "And it was in the early summer of 1944 as the American" work of joint press "," New York Times "," Time "magazine reporter interviews with Epstein Yanan recalled after 40 years, said:" It affects my life away revolutionary way for an important visit. I saw the future of China. At the time, I was convinced that the reactionaries do not rule China. The new China will be under the leadership of the Communist Party of China was born. "
Saturday 27 July 2013
Ceramic Gaopi
Ceramic Gaopi
Po is the "ceramic town", which is Dabu Gaobei earliest ceramics production, but also the surrounding towns of ceramic distribution center, and therefore, "porcelain", "white city".
Gaopi ceramic production as early as the Song Dynasty on the rise, and continued development, but also the effects of radiation with high ambient light Pei Tak, plains, Silver River, Zhou Rui and other places of ceramic production. Since reform and opening Gaobei ceramics gift of life, in the production, calcination, the color and other aspects of the use of advanced new technology and high-tech means, the quality, quantity, to further improve the level of technology, greater impact, sales broader , creating a good economic and social benefits. Gaopi ceramic long enjoyed a good reputation, renowned Chinese and foreign, in October 1986 the British Queen Elizabeth II's visit to China, the British reporter mission to Tai Chi Shan buy porcelain produced 45 "Liu Ting card" blue and white tableware and "Sailing brand "blue tea as souvenirs and gifts visit. Gaopi ceramic porcelain was also selected country ceremony and Beijing's Great Hall of the State Council with porcelain. Tai Po eggshell porcelain porcelains unique in Guangdong Province, known as the "Guangdong porcelain flower." At present, production porcelain, craft porcelain furnishings, architectural ceramics, industrial hygiene, porcelain, pottery, etc. 6 door products. Export-oriented ceramic products, exported to over 100 countries and regions and 29 provinces and cities. High Beizhen total ceramic enterprises 512, the annual output 2,480,000, the output value of 120 million yuan. Ceramic income accounted for 56.8% in total revenue of industrial and agricultural town. Porcelain Tai Pei is due to the high center of town, the overseas Chinese porcelain, porcelain Chi Shan, Tai Po, porcelain, etc. more than 10 state-owned porcelain factory located here.
Friday 26 July 2013
Chinese ceramic industry key factor in sustainable development analysis
Where there is demand, where there is market. Ceramic production in order to meet the required raw materials, some ceramic materials resource-rich areas, have accelerated the exploitation of mineral resources. However, excessive exploitation of not only seriously damaged the ecological bad environment, but also to domestic mineral resources and energy shrinking.
With the increase in the ceramic production line, a huge production capacity is constantly devouring vast mineral resources and energy. Producing an example of Foshan, Foshan ceramic enterprises annual consumption of ceramic raw materials more than 40 million tons, with an average daily consumption of 120,000 tons.
China's energy consumption in 2011 reached a total of 3.48 billion tons of standard coal, an increase of 7.0% over the previous year. Click the growth rate, by 2050, China's total energy consumption will reach 6 billion tons of standard coal. According to the "BP World Energy Statistics 2005" The data show, according to the current rate of extraction, production and global oil reserves available for 40 years, 67 years of natural gas supply, coal can supply 164 years.
In fact, not only is the oil, gas, coal and other resources has depleted crisis, ceramic materials are also facing the same fate. With the expansion of production capacity, clay surge in demand for several times, clay was used in at least 200 million tons or more, many places have been depleted of clay, kaolin, black mud, rare earth and other ceramic resources are depleted.
Non-renewable resources, extent of damage to the environment, it is difficult through physical prices converted out of its magnitude of value, but the depletion of resources so that the ceramic industry in the future is full of crisis, for which the amount of domestic and foreign policy of limited mining frequently introduced, prices rose as the main theme, conservation and rational use of resources to develop new realization of China's ceramic industry has become a key to sustainable development.
Strictly rectify exploitation of mineral resources
Exploration and development for scientific and rational utilization and protection of mineral resources, mineral resources to further enhance the economic and social development support capabilities, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in the recently developed "Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of mineral resources prospecting and exploitation" second five "plan" (hereinafter " Plan ") and officially issued.
"Planning" requirements together all corners of the entertainment city manager total control of mineral resources development and utilization, to encourage exploitation of the country, the region and the market demand for larger shortage of minerals, limiting exploitation of oversupply and severe damage to the ecological environment in mining, mineral exports on the advantages of limiting the production hedge.
"Planning" that "Twelve Five" Xinjiang should vigorously promote the integration of resources, the implementation of large-scale development, by 2015 the number of medium-sized mine average annual growth of 5% -6%. Further promote the integration of mining rights, coal mines from the existing 412 down to 200 or so. Increase in the number of metal mines. Among them, the coal mines, "plan" requirement new open pit coal-rich region smallest 2,000,000 tons more underground than 600,000 tons.
To this end, Xinjiang will develop oil, natural gas, coal and other resource-based products processing, deep processing enterprises. Construction of a number of major oil and gas production and processing bases and coal coal coal chemical industry base, develop a number of high value-added, high-tech, high market share of specialty minerals, and the formation of industrial advantages.
Mineral Resources as a very important non-renewable natural resources, but also the survival and development of human society indispensable material basis. It is an important source of information on people's lives, but it is extremely important social production, the Chinese government for the development and utilization of mineral resources has been very seriously.
Since 1986, "Mineral Resources Law" promulgated and implemented, China has conducted a number of mining order rectification, the number of mines from the 1990s to over 280,000 down to 112,500 in 2010, China's mineral resource integration achieved remarkable success, the structure has undergone profound changes in mineral development, resource utilization, production safety, raise the level of environmental protection, development and utilization system system formed.
In the field of ceramics, year by year due to capacity expansion, ceramic enterprises demand for ceramic raw materials is increasing, which also accelerated a lot of ceramic mineral resource-rich areas of mining pace. However, due to unauthorized mining, excessive exploitation is widespread, causing serious ecological damage in many places, mudslides, landslides and other natural disasters continue.
In order to protect the ecological environment and achieve sustainable development, in recent years, ceramic mineral development areas have introduced policies and regulations to crack down on undocumented prospecting and mining and other illegal activities, to prevent undocumented illegal mining, to further standardize the mineral market.
In Jiangxi Yichun, due to the local rich kaolin, pink quartz, limestone, granite, quartz sandstone, magnesian clay, talc, lithium feldspar ceramic raw materials, high security, Harvest, the surrounding cities to develop advanced ceramic industry in the background Under such Yichun ceramic materials mining industry have been greatly developed.
Yichun engaged in mining of raw materials and development of hundreds of companies around, but generally small scale, backward production technology and economic inefficiency. Meanwhile, some companies in the mining process opened indiscriminate abuse, resulting in a waste of resources and ecological balance. To this end, Yichun City, launched the investigation of undocumented mining, exploration project inspection, approval of mining rights in the inventory of the "Richard III" activities.
In addition, Yichun City in promoting the integration of mineral resources, but also pay close attention to clay, kaolin and other mineral resources integration.
Through the integration of mineral resources, not only to enhance the scale of production, and reduce the waste of resources, optimize resource allocation, so that after integration than the number of pre-integrated mining area reduced by 20%, and utilization of mineral resources increased by 10% or more, since the number of mine safety accidents and more than 10% decline in the number of casualties, and achieved good economic and social benefits for the ceramics industry Yichun City has laid a good foundation.
Guangdong Xinhui for the overhaul of the illegal exploitation of mineral resources and operating ceramic clay (including black mud, silica sand, ceramic sand, peat) and other illegal acts, Xinhui District has established a special ceramic clay special rectification action leading group, to rectify illegal mining , collective farmers lease land without authorization will be used for soil activity, ceramic clay processing and production and operation of illegal dumps, Wupaiwuzheng transportation and other illegal acts, punish good effect.
Can be sustained in harmony with nature, is mankind's most beautiful dreams. With each ceramic mineral development areas for mineral development and the strengthening of the regulation of consciousness, for the protection of mineral resources to achieve maximum utilization of mineral resources in a reasonable and has a direct role in promoting, but also for the ceramic industry has contributed to the achievement of sustainable development.
Tuesday 16 July 2013
The Sound of Europe anti-dumping continued Chinese ceramics startling step
The European Commission issued a bulletin on the origin of Chinese ceramic kitchen cutlery anti-dumping investigation. Recently, this reporter from the Guangdong Foreign Economic and Trade Office of Fair Trade Bureau, Guangdong Province, exports to the EU ceramic kitchen utensils amount of $ 750,000 or more enterprises up to 133, involving enterprises located in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Zhuhai, Meizhou, Dongguan, Zhanjiang , Yangjiang City, the main focus in the world, the companies involved in manufacturing ceramic kitchen cutlery concentration Chaozhou.Like the bracelet and then
Fair Trade Bureau of Guangdong Province, the person in charge said that the EU ceramics kitchen utensils initiated anti-dumping investigations, the EU is not difficult to think of 2012 on the production of ceramic building materials from China to make anti-dumping ruling, decided to levy a 73% tax rate generally punitive. This seriously affected China's exports of ceramic products.
Customs statistics show that in the case by the impact of Chinese exports to the EU in 2011 the number of tiles marked decline in the importance of building ceramics production base in Foshan, Guangdong province, the first 10 months of 2011, its exports fell 24.4 percent, exports amounted to about 1.6 billion U.S. dollars, down 20.1%. Some experts said that about 30% of enterprises are facing bankruptcy due to cost squeeze.
But in less than a year's time, following the architectural ceramics Ceramics again after the EU anti-dumping investigations and other countries object, the industry said that the development of Chinese ceramics will once again suffered a serious setback.
The Song of the companies involved in Guangdong ceramic chairman Lin Daofan right Nanfang Daily reporter said that, for the present, is difficult to judge the EU's anti-dumping investigation on whether the impact of ceramic enterprises, not a good estimate of the enterprises in the anti-dumping case in which the amount involved. In addition, the face of this EU originating in China's ceramic kitchen cutlery for anti-dumping investigations, Guangdong Province, the companies are also actively looking for countermeasures. "We will be without prejudice to the defense industry-wide appeal, and if it fails, then the Joint Appeals." Lin Daofan said.
In view of the EU's anti-dumping investigations for the Ceramics Industry, Guangdong Province, Lin Daofan said that as adhere to the high road, enterprises in the higher levels of management and technology, the development of a good foundation, and thus the EU's anti-dumping investigation on the enterprise impact is not great.
"We are actively developed in accordance with Chamber of Commerce Strategy on communication and coordination work, and prepare the company's financial data and a series of data to deal with the anti-dumping investigation. We obtain the anti-dumping investigations confident of victory." Lin Daofan said.
Guangdong Fair Trade Bureau data show that in 2012, Guangdong Province, suffered international trade friction cases 48, the Guangdong Province actively organized to deal with, in response to the EU's data card "two against one Paul" case, the EU anti-dumping footwear, Thailand tile anti-dumping case, the first Mexican to amoxicillin countervailing case, the EU anti-dumping investigations Tableware warning cases and achieved positive results.
Ceramics is zirconium oxychloride zirconium dioxide and downstream products, occupy a lot of market demand. Currently promising new functional ceramics is mainly made of zirconium dioxide composite, so the ceramic market trends affecting upstream zirconium dioxide and zirconium oxychloride market movements.
Fair Trade Bureau of Guangdong Province, the person in charge said that the EU ceramics kitchen utensils initiated anti-dumping investigations, the EU is not difficult to think of 2012 on the production of ceramic building materials from China to make anti-dumping ruling, decided to levy a 73% tax rate generally punitive. This seriously affected China's exports of ceramic products.
Customs statistics show that in the case by the impact of Chinese exports to the EU in 2011 the number of tiles marked decline in the importance of building ceramics production base in Foshan, Guangdong province, the first 10 months of 2011, its exports fell 24.4 percent, exports amounted to about 1.6 billion U.S. dollars, down 20.1%. Some experts said that about 30% of enterprises are facing bankruptcy due to cost squeeze.
But in less than a year's time, following the architectural ceramics Ceramics again after the EU anti-dumping investigations and other countries object, the industry said that the development of Chinese ceramics will once again suffered a serious setback.
The Song of the companies involved in Guangdong ceramic chairman Lin Daofan right Nanfang Daily reporter said that, for the present, is difficult to judge the EU's anti-dumping investigation on whether the impact of ceramic enterprises, not a good estimate of the enterprises in the anti-dumping case in which the amount involved. In addition, the face of this EU originating in China's ceramic kitchen cutlery for anti-dumping investigations, Guangdong Province, the companies are also actively looking for countermeasures. "We will be without prejudice to the defense industry-wide appeal, and if it fails, then the Joint Appeals." Lin Daofan said.
In view of the EU's anti-dumping investigations for the Ceramics Industry, Guangdong Province, Lin Daofan said that as adhere to the high road, enterprises in the higher levels of management and technology, the development of a good foundation, and thus the EU's anti-dumping investigation on the enterprise impact is not great.
"We are actively developed in accordance with Chamber of Commerce Strategy on communication and coordination work, and prepare the company's financial data and a series of data to deal with the anti-dumping investigation. We obtain the anti-dumping investigations confident of victory." Lin Daofan said.
Guangdong Fair Trade Bureau data show that in 2012, Guangdong Province, suffered international trade friction cases 48, the Guangdong Province actively organized to deal with, in response to the EU's data card "two against one Paul" case, the EU anti-dumping footwear, Thailand tile anti-dumping case, the first Mexican to amoxicillin countervailing case, the EU anti-dumping investigations Tableware warning cases and achieved positive results.
Ceramics is zirconium oxychloride zirconium dioxide and downstream products, occupy a lot of market demand. Currently promising new functional ceramics is mainly made of zirconium dioxide composite, so the ceramic market trends affecting upstream zirconium dioxide and zirconium oxychloride market movements.
Sunday 7 July 2013
The appreciation Ru Kiln Point
Ru Kiln porcelain appreciation from the following several aspects, imitators may in one or several aspects of imitation, but to fully accomplish all aspects is almost impossible. So be sure to comprehensive analysis, are indispensable.
One, seeing:
1, type: Ru kiln-type is mainly imitation bronze ritual former mainly practical device less, there are some watch makers. As a kiln, and the Northern Song Dynasty ceramic art has reached a point of culmination, so-type must be stable, simple, generous, showing every detail of the atmosphere, regular. Corner upright God, there is the feeling of scenery, whenever there is people feel awkward shape and local, can not be classified on the first Ru kiln. Imitation by the hand after throwing techniques can not achieve the level at kiln artisans, they are often used to open the mold, with the grouting method to imitation, but because the mold is done in accordance with the finished product after glazing, so make vegetarian tire re-glazing, the details of some blurring or loss of all, the whole model is dull, heavy.
2, the glaze: Ru Kiln Celadon glaze mainly in days, about 65%, a little less heat, into a powder blue (cyan than the day a little), egg blue, pale blue (the color of light than the powder blue, a little more yellow), accounting for about 28%, partly due to this degree glass bottom, susceptible to corrosion, so the surface will generally look older, too little heat into the sky blue, green beans, green peas least, accounting for 7%, which in part because of vitrified high level, more resistant to corrosion, the surface glistening bright, look newer. If the recency and the colors do not match, there may not be Ru kiln.
3, the surface conditions: the surface normal eye can see brown eyes, Ru base, the formation of mainly brown eyes glaze bubbles floating, Peng crack formation of small cavities, the firing temperature is lower because Ru is generally believed that in 1250 degrees, and many experts regard as 1,300 degrees porcelain and pottery of the watershed, so Ru firing temperature, the surface should look a little loose, not so dense and bright brown eyes and a corresponding emergence of Ru base is Ru surface in the emergence of a phenomenon unique to any other porcelain, under any circumstances and will not appear the same traces of it and some white, some yellow, is something that can easily be removed by hand, sporadic Distribution of crystalline alkali-like substance.
4, the opening film situations: Ru Kiln general opening film, but does not rule out a handful opening film of the phenomenon. The opening film Ru porcelain mechanism different from the other, the other porcelain opening film is due to different tire with glaze shrink, causing the majority of the straight opening film, the surface was covered with mesh. Ru kiln opening film is due to the participation of the agate glaze end, because agate crystal separation, the surface appears opening film is irregular curve, although not strictly not through, but rarely through lines, giving a beauty, can not have opening film opened Suidiao feeling.
5, support burn situations: Ru kiln generally use applied over the glaze, branched nailing burning, supporting nail according to the size of the size of the severity of the artifacts to be, a large grain size of objects can even have the support of nails, moderate artifacts sesame branch nails, small objects like nails and even branched needle, a garden type. Ru tire is fragrant gray, but support the nails is white. If the irregular expenditure nails, and there are sticky sand situation, you can consider a Korean celadon. Mat burn and there is support in Quanzu have nailed excavation in kilns discovered tiles, handed down less. The nail is generally singular number, location relatively close to ring foot.
6, with a magnifying glass to see: in the glaze can be seen in a small number of bubbles, bubbles according to the thickness of tires of different sizes, small-type, tread on thin air bubbles must be small, less, or even none. -Type large tires naturally thicker, bubbles will be bigger, but definitely not big bubble vesicles exist, but a mess, even bubble connected. Around and taking a dip in the bubble, you will see the shining agate crystals emit light, but by very few, scattered, indistinct, more is not right.
Two hand touch:
1, is characterized Ru thin glaze, thin tires, so the same device type, Ru Kiln lighter than other kilns, started a take, if you feel the obvious sense than the impression to light, is right, if there is no difference or heavier, not a right.
2, hand touching the surface, seems to have painted grease after lubrication sense, does not appear by pushing astringent resistance in various corners around the corner, does not appear burr handle feeling.
3, the flat level, the curved bend, hand feels there will be no feeling of uneven or curve is not smooth feeling.
Third, the ears:
1, with the finger nails, gently percussion Ru kiln artifacts, on the one hand because the glaze thin tires thin relative to the thickness of the other artifacts with the same volume, the sound will sound. Guyun "as chime sound." But at the same time, because Ru kiln firing temperature is low, the surface of the vitrified porcelain low degree of aggravation loose, so the sound is a bit muffled. Not brittle hair. Here we must note that percussion parts, it must be in the position of the edge should produce fibrillation.
2, due to a variety of objects of different shapes, thickness distribution is different, listen to the sound, only the long-term studies, very experienced before use, generally is not a basis for identification.
Fourth, chemical analysis:
1, with the same in a region chinaware Ru, is not the same chemical composition, characterized Ru silicon low silica content is generally less than 70, fluctuation in the amount of fluctuation around 60 ± 3. Aluminum high, but aluminum oxide content of not more than 20, at 15 fluctuates around volume ± 3, calcium oxide content of not more than 20, at 15 fluctuates around volume ± 3, because Ru glaze for emulsifying effect parameters into the ash, phosphorus pentoxide, there is about 1, iron oxide about 1 to 2.5. These five indicators must match. There is an out of range, it is worth considering. This is the surface using fluorescence spectroscopy instruments measured data, if thermoluminescence method, in the past called "abortion", need to use a powder measure objects, now have no injury pyroelectric detection technology that can detect errors 50 years can also be used as a secondary reference index....
One, seeing:
1, type: Ru kiln-type is mainly imitation bronze ritual former mainly practical device less, there are some watch makers. As a kiln, and the Northern Song Dynasty ceramic art has reached a point of culmination, so-type must be stable, simple, generous, showing every detail of the atmosphere, regular. Corner upright God, there is the feeling of scenery, whenever there is people feel awkward shape and local, can not be classified on the first Ru kiln. Imitation by the hand after throwing techniques can not achieve the level at kiln artisans, they are often used to open the mold, with the grouting method to imitation, but because the mold is done in accordance with the finished product after glazing, so make vegetarian tire re-glazing, the details of some blurring or loss of all, the whole model is dull, heavy.
2, the glaze: Ru Kiln Celadon glaze mainly in days, about 65%, a little less heat, into a powder blue (cyan than the day a little), egg blue, pale blue (the color of light than the powder blue, a little more yellow), accounting for about 28%, partly due to this degree glass bottom, susceptible to corrosion, so the surface will generally look older, too little heat into the sky blue, green beans, green peas least, accounting for 7%, which in part because of vitrified high level, more resistant to corrosion, the surface glistening bright, look newer. If the recency and the colors do not match, there may not be Ru kiln.
3, the surface conditions: the surface normal eye can see brown eyes, Ru base, the formation of mainly brown eyes glaze bubbles floating, Peng crack formation of small cavities, the firing temperature is lower because Ru is generally believed that in 1250 degrees, and many experts regard as 1,300 degrees porcelain and pottery of the watershed, so Ru firing temperature, the surface should look a little loose, not so dense and bright brown eyes and a corresponding emergence of Ru base is Ru surface in the emergence of a phenomenon unique to any other porcelain, under any circumstances and will not appear the same traces of it and some white, some yellow, is something that can easily be removed by hand, sporadic Distribution of crystalline alkali-like substance.
4, the opening film situations: Ru Kiln general opening film, but does not rule out a handful opening film of the phenomenon. The opening film Ru porcelain mechanism different from the other, the other porcelain opening film is due to different tire with glaze shrink, causing the majority of the straight opening film, the surface was covered with mesh. Ru kiln opening film is due to the participation of the agate glaze end, because agate crystal separation, the surface appears opening film is irregular curve, although not strictly not through, but rarely through lines, giving a beauty, can not have opening film opened Suidiao feeling.
5, support burn situations: Ru kiln generally use applied over the glaze, branched nailing burning, supporting nail according to the size of the size of the severity of the artifacts to be, a large grain size of objects can even have the support of nails, moderate artifacts sesame branch nails, small objects like nails and even branched needle, a garden type. Ru tire is fragrant gray, but support the nails is white. If the irregular expenditure nails, and there are sticky sand situation, you can consider a Korean celadon. Mat burn and there is support in Quanzu have nailed excavation in kilns discovered tiles, handed down less. The nail is generally singular number, location relatively close to ring foot.
6, with a magnifying glass to see: in the glaze can be seen in a small number of bubbles, bubbles according to the thickness of tires of different sizes, small-type, tread on thin air bubbles must be small, less, or even none. -Type large tires naturally thicker, bubbles will be bigger, but definitely not big bubble vesicles exist, but a mess, even bubble connected. Around and taking a dip in the bubble, you will see the shining agate crystals emit light, but by very few, scattered, indistinct, more is not right.
Two hand touch:
1, is characterized Ru thin glaze, thin tires, so the same device type, Ru Kiln lighter than other kilns, started a take, if you feel the obvious sense than the impression to light, is right, if there is no difference or heavier, not a right.
2, hand touching the surface, seems to have painted grease after lubrication sense, does not appear by pushing astringent resistance in various corners around the corner, does not appear burr handle feeling.
3, the flat level, the curved bend, hand feels there will be no feeling of uneven or curve is not smooth feeling.
Third, the ears:
1, with the finger nails, gently percussion Ru kiln artifacts, on the one hand because the glaze thin tires thin relative to the thickness of the other artifacts with the same volume, the sound will sound. Guyun "as chime sound." But at the same time, because Ru kiln firing temperature is low, the surface of the vitrified porcelain low degree of aggravation loose, so the sound is a bit muffled. Not brittle hair. Here we must note that percussion parts, it must be in the position of the edge should produce fibrillation.
2, due to a variety of objects of different shapes, thickness distribution is different, listen to the sound, only the long-term studies, very experienced before use, generally is not a basis for identification.
Fourth, chemical analysis:
1, with the same in a region chinaware Ru, is not the same chemical composition, characterized Ru silicon low silica content is generally less than 70, fluctuation in the amount of fluctuation around 60 ± 3. Aluminum high, but aluminum oxide content of not more than 20, at 15 fluctuates around volume ± 3, calcium oxide content of not more than 20, at 15 fluctuates around volume ± 3, because Ru glaze for emulsifying effect parameters into the ash, phosphorus pentoxide, there is about 1, iron oxide about 1 to 2.5. These five indicators must match. There is an out of range, it is worth considering. This is the surface using fluorescence spectroscopy instruments measured data, if thermoluminescence method, in the past called "abortion", need to use a powder measure objects, now have no injury pyroelectric detection technology that can detect errors 50 years can also be used as a secondary reference index....
Sunday 30 June 2013
Just like there are ceramics collection story
For the Friends of Tibet, the play is a collection speaks preferences. Although the collection of different categories, but as long as you like, and patience, careful, sincere collection preserved together, we have an infinite collection of fun and people appreciate the story collection.
He and stamps "play" for 60 years
Liangjin Bin this name, philatelists in Shunde, Guangdong Province, almost no one does not know. His 62-year-old, with the stamp "play" for 60 years.
By parents, siblings edification, Liangjin Bin knew from the age of two stamps, five years old, "love" stamp, unable to extricate themselves from. 1975 admitted to the university, he promoted among students on the stamp collection, collation and exchange, but also to make their own stamp collectors have a better understanding.
In 1995, he became involved in the organization of Rongqi Philatelic Society and later Rongqi work, Guizhou merging of two Philatelic Society. Since then, he handed over the whole body and mind are loving philatelic career. Every year he sent to members name of the Association covers, sheets three times, with the letters, sheet to record the activities of the Association history; ask its members at least a year to personally send to other members covers, sheets once, so that "Youyi "extends to every corner.
2004, Liangjin Bin occasional small newspaper run by the "colorful postal Garden", we hope to provide some practical knowledge and loved postal messages, and thus strengthen the links between members. September 2009, he took over the Shunde District Philatelic Society "Shunde Post-Intelligencer," published every two months a; October 2010, he founded the "Campus Mail" for primary and secondary students philatelists provide services.
In order to promote philately culture, he is also keen to use the Internet and computer technology to produce a large number of color postally covers, such as covers Wenchuan earthquake, China's first township covers, covers the 10th anniversary of the reunification, Youth Day closure , No Tobacco Day seal. Liangjin Bin said that each message should be carefully selected collection of materials, look for stamps to cover the day's postmark post office, etc., it is put in some effort and time.
"Currently, a number of primary and secondary schools to carry out Shunde philatelic activities." Liangjin Bin said that from his experience of growing point of view, can bring philately improving the overall quality, he is willing to promote youth philately cultural aspects.
(Duda Xiong)
Discovering ancient bowl patch
Some people love the collection and paintings, it was love collection ceramics. 63-year-old Mr. Wu Li bridge instead like to collect all kinds of ancient ceramic bowl.
Recently, Mr. Wu in Guangzhou Cultural Plaza on the 3rd Fangcun One veteran atrium gallery display his collection of various types of early Qing Wen ceramic bowl. One of the biggest is the blue and white bowl diameter 43 cm, the smallest diameter of only 7.8 cm of blue and white bowl, as well as the most expensive of the family retained, worth hundreds of thousands of Song YINGQING bowl, this bowl tires as thin as paper, Knock as chime sound. In the range of ceramic bowl, undoubtedly the most surprising patch bowl, attracted many visitors to the eye, called "Li bowl."
Patch bowl so strange young man who did visit absolutely amazed Road, while the elderly are older counterparts joke: "Late folk and even early liberation of the city of Guangzhou repair ceramic bowl regarded as a" Useful food "line of business. Saying goes" no diamond, do ceramics live "is described this as one kind of jobs, very respectable." clothes can mend, but the ceramic bowl can also mend indeed an eye-opener.
Mr. Wu introduced early Qing Ming people's lives is not rich, China pit bowl and rare, and if so there are some cracks in the bowl, it will please the master copper bowl same clothes sewn up like a complement. Before the liberation, Guangzhou Thirteen have specialized craft workers fill bowl, fill the bowl now work no longer exists, so this precious patch Bowl became his favorite baby.
June 8 during the Dragon Boat Festival, Mr. Ng will be held again at the Veterans Gallery "bowl" collection of small exhibitions. By then, he would only collection of dozens of "grandfather class" bowl unfolded.
He and stamps "play" for 60 years
Liangjin Bin this name, philatelists in Shunde, Guangdong Province, almost no one does not know. His 62-year-old, with the stamp "play" for 60 years.
By parents, siblings edification, Liangjin Bin knew from the age of two stamps, five years old, "love" stamp, unable to extricate themselves from. 1975 admitted to the university, he promoted among students on the stamp collection, collation and exchange, but also to make their own stamp collectors have a better understanding.
In 1995, he became involved in the organization of Rongqi Philatelic Society and later Rongqi work, Guizhou merging of two Philatelic Society. Since then, he handed over the whole body and mind are loving philatelic career. Every year he sent to members name of the Association covers, sheets three times, with the letters, sheet to record the activities of the Association history; ask its members at least a year to personally send to other members covers, sheets once, so that "Youyi "extends to every corner.
2004, Liangjin Bin occasional small newspaper run by the "colorful postal Garden", we hope to provide some practical knowledge and loved postal messages, and thus strengthen the links between members. September 2009, he took over the Shunde District Philatelic Society "Shunde Post-Intelligencer," published every two months a; October 2010, he founded the "Campus Mail" for primary and secondary students philatelists provide services.
In order to promote philately culture, he is also keen to use the Internet and computer technology to produce a large number of color postally covers, such as covers Wenchuan earthquake, China's first township covers, covers the 10th anniversary of the reunification, Youth Day closure , No Tobacco Day seal. Liangjin Bin said that each message should be carefully selected collection of materials, look for stamps to cover the day's postmark post office, etc., it is put in some effort and time.
"Currently, a number of primary and secondary schools to carry out Shunde philatelic activities." Liangjin Bin said that from his experience of growing point of view, can bring philately improving the overall quality, he is willing to promote youth philately cultural aspects.
(Duda Xiong)
Discovering ancient bowl patch
Some people love the collection and paintings, it was love collection ceramics. 63-year-old Mr. Wu Li bridge instead like to collect all kinds of ancient ceramic bowl.
Recently, Mr. Wu in Guangzhou Cultural Plaza on the 3rd Fangcun One veteran atrium gallery display his collection of various types of early Qing Wen ceramic bowl. One of the biggest is the blue and white bowl diameter 43 cm, the smallest diameter of only 7.8 cm of blue and white bowl, as well as the most expensive of the family retained, worth hundreds of thousands of Song YINGQING bowl, this bowl tires as thin as paper, Knock as chime sound. In the range of ceramic bowl, undoubtedly the most surprising patch bowl, attracted many visitors to the eye, called "Li bowl."
Patch bowl so strange young man who did visit absolutely amazed Road, while the elderly are older counterparts joke: "Late folk and even early liberation of the city of Guangzhou repair ceramic bowl regarded as a" Useful food "line of business. Saying goes" no diamond, do ceramics live "is described this as one kind of jobs, very respectable." clothes can mend, but the ceramic bowl can also mend indeed an eye-opener.
Mr. Wu introduced early Qing Ming people's lives is not rich, China pit bowl and rare, and if so there are some cracks in the bowl, it will please the master copper bowl same clothes sewn up like a complement. Before the liberation, Guangzhou Thirteen have specialized craft workers fill bowl, fill the bowl now work no longer exists, so this precious patch Bowl became his favorite baby.
June 8 during the Dragon Boat Festival, Mr. Ng will be held again at the Veterans Gallery "bowl" collection of small exhibitions. By then, he would only collection of dozens of "grandfather class" bowl unfolded.
Sunday 23 June 2013
The authenticity of identification dynasty porcelain
Identification dynasty porcelain authenticity mainly uses the following two methods:
(A) scientific and technological means, such as "TL" and "cremation seed analysis", these two methods error is small, measuring age of porcelain firing accuracy rate is higher, but the test is required when drilling in artifacts hole, remove the small sample, will produce damage artifacts.
(2) by virtue of experience with this method, although subjective factors, but its simple, unaffected by other conditions, so the current identification of the authenticity of porcelain mostly used this approach.
We are here talking about "experience" refers not only to understand the chinaware fake way, but also to understand the dynasty porcelain at different times of the shape, glaze and firing conditions change, sometimes need to use the "reasoning" way to help us identify the authenticity. For example, we are now in the antiques market and some private collections from time to time you can see the Northern Song dynasty "official Jun" products, there are pots of care, nail wash drum and the like, its production said in the past, and also the bottom Jun engraved confirm its official "identity" of digital numbers, which for some even very rare porcelains genuine opportunity to get started ceramic collectors concerned, is undoubtedly a "chance."
But only, after the expert an appraisal, I discovered that they pay "tuition." In fact, identification of the authenticity of the Northern Song Dynasty chinaware kiln product should be one of the most simple thing, it's just a common problem: the establishment of Northern Song court chinaware kiln production is exclusively for Queen's, prohibited the use of folk, who burned all smashed buried. 70 Jun Taiwan kiln in Yuzhou comprehensive excavations, chinaware kiln products have not been applied a complete, can be seen by the official Jun use is strictly limited, it can not dispersed in society. So now we come into contact with in the market Songguan Jun porcelain is basically false.
Jun modern imitation general, or from the place of origin of God Hou Yuzhou town, where not only the fine tradition of firing porcelains, but also focus on a number of today's finest porcelains produced master. God Hou town chinaware produced at a rapid pace in recent years to move forward with, whether it is the shape of objects, or a glaze changes have greatly improved and enhanced, but in the face of fierce market competition, it also faces the marketability of the product problems.
Several authors are familiar chinaware artists complained: Now collectors do not like the new goods, some thick old book today. In this case, God Hou also began production of antique porcelain chinaware, such as statues, bottles, stove, bowl, bowls, plates, etc., its shape is generally italics, gold, Yuan Dynasty kilns the shape, the production process and spot color decoration also sought similar. Antique porcelain production itself is understandable, but if artificially's do the old, filled in the antiques market, not only will the image of the ancient porcelains prejudice, but also easy to make the antique market confusion.
2, to identify the authenticity of dynasty porcelain, from the following aspects:
First, look at its production process. Jun kiln porcelain from the start at the beginning of the "Tang Jun", after the Song, Jin, Yuan, Republic of imitation until Jun blanks are used is hand craft. This process is characterized by thick bottom utensils, and then gradually upward trend thin rim artifacts carcass at the thinnest. Lucy in the glaze at Quanzu artifacts can also see fine rotation pattern, wall thin enamel at a round finger marks.
Some modern imitation porcelains is mass production, it uses a material made molds, then use the "grouting" perfusion. This method is made out of porcelain tire uniform wall thickness, lighter weight, more crudely that due fettling not fine, you can touch both sides of the objects into the mold seam marks, which is the most botched a fake person practice, some smart objects in the interior of the bottle body such as bottle type, it is difficult to detect the site of some other substances stick artificially (such as cement) to achieve a heavy feeling ancient porcelains. Or "grouting" wall molding artifacts deliberately made round fingerprints, but on closer inspection you can see the real "Hand blanks" uniform fingerprints are different, not only mimics the rough wheel finger marks, and each ring ring ring finger marks with each distribution is extremely uneven.
Secondly, look at its glaze and enamel. Song dynasty porcelain azure, sky blue, white glaze, uniform shiny, opalescent included, although dating back nearly a thousand years of history, but because of the Central Plains groundwater content is less, the amount of alkali in the soil medium, So whether it is burial or kiln porcelains unearthed hidden, very few chunks of soil rust bonding phenomenon, which tend to produce outstanding enamel porcelains, very enjoyable. Modern imitation italics Jun Jun is whether the shape, or imitation gold, the characteristics of the Yuan Dynasty porcelains, which are mostly sky blue glaze, with little azure, white glaze. And in order to achieve similar enamel porcelains unearthed deliberately falsified soil to the floating light rust or for processing, but its effect is negative, giving the impression that the glaze black hair, not natural, looks extremely uncomfortable.
For the old and distinguished its approach to the following categories:
(1) using tools such as chinaware skins repeated friction surface, in order to achieve to their floating light effects. While the glaze is smooth, but careful observation under a magnifying glass, you will see numerous parallel friction marks.
(2) into the new imitation porcelains with a corrosive acidic solution such as immersion, although it could make the porcelain surface loses bright floating light, to do the old effect, but often seem very dull glaze in under a magnifying glass you can see the scars.
(3) are sometimes fake is also aware of the above methods to harm glazed porcelains, so it uses a soft cloth containing oils throwing fight, the same can produce soft glazed effect, but with genuine glazed smooth delicate touch significantly different, fake processed glazed porcelains touch with oil texture.
(4) After soaking in an acidic substance, immediately to cover the soil, making artificial soil, rust, rust penetrate the soil and this glaze, it is easy to deceive collectors fooled. In fact, according to the North in recent years unearthed chinaware, and Kwan Taiwan kiln porcelains excavated a large number of specimens obtained perspective, Jun porcelain surface soil rarely rust, rust appeared bulk soil bonding phenomenon is even more rare , mostly showing a smooth and delicate effect. Some fake made by the adhesive bonding of soil rust illusion, in fact, self-defeating, superfluous move.
(5) Human enamel peeling phenomenon. Fake porcelains are sometimes deliberately ripped the bottom part of the foot part of the glaze layer, exposing the aggravation, in order to achieve age-old gives the feeling. Because modern imitation Jun genuine and ancient porcelains made from the same raw materials fetal origin, so the color is very close to the tire. But with genuine natural peeling enamel careful comparison can be found adulterants flaws: genuine enamel stripping section is substantially straight stubble, adulterants enamel stripping section is inclined stubble.
For dynasty porcelain identify, in addition to the above points, you can also be considered from the following aspects:
Jun porcelain glaze on genuine massive kiln spots of purple; imitations kiln lighter spots is not too deep. Imitation fetal color slightly lighter than the real thing, but because the ancient practice Amoy mud tires complicated process, so Taizhi delicate dense and modern chinaware fetal mud Amoy practice is relatively simple, sometimes with impurities or section Taizhi produce pores.
According to the author's many years of chinaware production observed most modern imitation of Jun porcelain is produced neat reach Song Jun, Yurun crystal glaze process effect, mostly imitations but relatively close to the gold, the Yuan Dynasty porcelains style However, tires, glaze and gold, dollar and it looks relatively thin compared to the period.
In short, the authenticity of chinaware able to distinguish between day and night is not completely grasp the knowledge, it needs to accumulate and continue to learn, observe and try to figure out, but more often to understand the development of modern chinaware production process changes and imitation Kwan new trends .
(A) scientific and technological means, such as "TL" and "cremation seed analysis", these two methods error is small, measuring age of porcelain firing accuracy rate is higher, but the test is required when drilling in artifacts hole, remove the small sample, will produce damage artifacts.
(2) by virtue of experience with this method, although subjective factors, but its simple, unaffected by other conditions, so the current identification of the authenticity of porcelain mostly used this approach.
We are here talking about "experience" refers not only to understand the chinaware fake way, but also to understand the dynasty porcelain at different times of the shape, glaze and firing conditions change, sometimes need to use the "reasoning" way to help us identify the authenticity. For example, we are now in the antiques market and some private collections from time to time you can see the Northern Song dynasty "official Jun" products, there are pots of care, nail wash drum and the like, its production said in the past, and also the bottom Jun engraved confirm its official "identity" of digital numbers, which for some even very rare porcelains genuine opportunity to get started ceramic collectors concerned, is undoubtedly a "chance."
But only, after the expert an appraisal, I discovered that they pay "tuition." In fact, identification of the authenticity of the Northern Song Dynasty chinaware kiln product should be one of the most simple thing, it's just a common problem: the establishment of Northern Song court chinaware kiln production is exclusively for Queen's, prohibited the use of folk, who burned all smashed buried. 70 Jun Taiwan kiln in Yuzhou comprehensive excavations, chinaware kiln products have not been applied a complete, can be seen by the official Jun use is strictly limited, it can not dispersed in society. So now we come into contact with in the market Songguan Jun porcelain is basically false.
Jun modern imitation general, or from the place of origin of God Hou Yuzhou town, where not only the fine tradition of firing porcelains, but also focus on a number of today's finest porcelains produced master. God Hou town chinaware produced at a rapid pace in recent years to move forward with, whether it is the shape of objects, or a glaze changes have greatly improved and enhanced, but in the face of fierce market competition, it also faces the marketability of the product problems.
Several authors are familiar chinaware artists complained: Now collectors do not like the new goods, some thick old book today. In this case, God Hou also began production of antique porcelain chinaware, such as statues, bottles, stove, bowl, bowls, plates, etc., its shape is generally italics, gold, Yuan Dynasty kilns the shape, the production process and spot color decoration also sought similar. Antique porcelain production itself is understandable, but if artificially's do the old, filled in the antiques market, not only will the image of the ancient porcelains prejudice, but also easy to make the antique market confusion.
2, to identify the authenticity of dynasty porcelain, from the following aspects:
First, look at its production process. Jun kiln porcelain from the start at the beginning of the "Tang Jun", after the Song, Jin, Yuan, Republic of imitation until Jun blanks are used is hand craft. This process is characterized by thick bottom utensils, and then gradually upward trend thin rim artifacts carcass at the thinnest. Lucy in the glaze at Quanzu artifacts can also see fine rotation pattern, wall thin enamel at a round finger marks.
Some modern imitation porcelains is mass production, it uses a material made molds, then use the "grouting" perfusion. This method is made out of porcelain tire uniform wall thickness, lighter weight, more crudely that due fettling not fine, you can touch both sides of the objects into the mold seam marks, which is the most botched a fake person practice, some smart objects in the interior of the bottle body such as bottle type, it is difficult to detect the site of some other substances stick artificially (such as cement) to achieve a heavy feeling ancient porcelains. Or "grouting" wall molding artifacts deliberately made round fingerprints, but on closer inspection you can see the real "Hand blanks" uniform fingerprints are different, not only mimics the rough wheel finger marks, and each ring ring ring finger marks with each distribution is extremely uneven.
Secondly, look at its glaze and enamel. Song dynasty porcelain azure, sky blue, white glaze, uniform shiny, opalescent included, although dating back nearly a thousand years of history, but because of the Central Plains groundwater content is less, the amount of alkali in the soil medium, So whether it is burial or kiln porcelains unearthed hidden, very few chunks of soil rust bonding phenomenon, which tend to produce outstanding enamel porcelains, very enjoyable. Modern imitation italics Jun Jun is whether the shape, or imitation gold, the characteristics of the Yuan Dynasty porcelains, which are mostly sky blue glaze, with little azure, white glaze. And in order to achieve similar enamel porcelains unearthed deliberately falsified soil to the floating light rust or for processing, but its effect is negative, giving the impression that the glaze black hair, not natural, looks extremely uncomfortable.
For the old and distinguished its approach to the following categories:
(1) using tools such as chinaware skins repeated friction surface, in order to achieve to their floating light effects. While the glaze is smooth, but careful observation under a magnifying glass, you will see numerous parallel friction marks.
(2) into the new imitation porcelains with a corrosive acidic solution such as immersion, although it could make the porcelain surface loses bright floating light, to do the old effect, but often seem very dull glaze in under a magnifying glass you can see the scars.
(3) are sometimes fake is also aware of the above methods to harm glazed porcelains, so it uses a soft cloth containing oils throwing fight, the same can produce soft glazed effect, but with genuine glazed smooth delicate touch significantly different, fake processed glazed porcelains touch with oil texture.
(4) After soaking in an acidic substance, immediately to cover the soil, making artificial soil, rust, rust penetrate the soil and this glaze, it is easy to deceive collectors fooled. In fact, according to the North in recent years unearthed chinaware, and Kwan Taiwan kiln porcelains excavated a large number of specimens obtained perspective, Jun porcelain surface soil rarely rust, rust appeared bulk soil bonding phenomenon is even more rare , mostly showing a smooth and delicate effect. Some fake made by the adhesive bonding of soil rust illusion, in fact, self-defeating, superfluous move.
(5) Human enamel peeling phenomenon. Fake porcelains are sometimes deliberately ripped the bottom part of the foot part of the glaze layer, exposing the aggravation, in order to achieve age-old gives the feeling. Because modern imitation Jun genuine and ancient porcelains made from the same raw materials fetal origin, so the color is very close to the tire. But with genuine natural peeling enamel careful comparison can be found adulterants flaws: genuine enamel stripping section is substantially straight stubble, adulterants enamel stripping section is inclined stubble.
For dynasty porcelain identify, in addition to the above points, you can also be considered from the following aspects:
Jun porcelain glaze on genuine massive kiln spots of purple; imitations kiln lighter spots is not too deep. Imitation fetal color slightly lighter than the real thing, but because the ancient practice Amoy mud tires complicated process, so Taizhi delicate dense and modern chinaware fetal mud Amoy practice is relatively simple, sometimes with impurities or section Taizhi produce pores.
According to the author's many years of chinaware production observed most modern imitation of Jun porcelain is produced neat reach Song Jun, Yurun crystal glaze process effect, mostly imitations but relatively close to the gold, the Yuan Dynasty porcelains style However, tires, glaze and gold, dollar and it looks relatively thin compared to the period.
In short, the authenticity of chinaware able to distinguish between day and night is not completely grasp the knowledge, it needs to accumulate and continue to learn, observe and try to figure out, but more often to understand the development of modern chinaware production process changes and imitation Kwan new trends .
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